Badīʿ az-Zaman Abu l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī was a person with knowledge in many areas, including science, invention, engineering, and art. He lived from 1136 to 1206 and was part of the Artuqid Dynasty in the region of Jazira, which is in Mesopotamia. He is most famous for writing a book called The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206.
Zhang Heng (Chinese: 张衡; AD 78–139), also known as Pingzi, was a Chinese scientist and statesman who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty. He studied in the cities of Luoyang and Chang’an, which were important capitals of China at the time. He became well-known for his work as an astronomer, mathematician, seismologist, engineer, inventor, geographer, cartographer, ethnographer, artist, poet, philosopher, politician, and writer.
Hero of Alexandria was a mathematician and engineer who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, during the Roman era. He lived around 10 AD to 70 AD. He is known as one of the greatest scientists of ancient times and represented the scientific traditions of ancient Greece.
Ctesibius, also known as Ktesibios or Tesibius (Ancient Greek: Κτησίβιος), was a Greek inventor and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, during the time of the Ptolemaic rulers. Little is known about his personal life, but his inventions were widely recognized during his lifetime. He may have been the first leader of the Museum of Alexandria.
Archimedes of Syracuse (pronounced AR-kih-MEE-deez; about 287–212 BC) was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although not much is known about his personal life, his surviving work shows he was one of the most important scientists of classical times and one of the greatest mathematicians in history. Archimedes used ideas about very small numbers and a method called exhaustion to carefully prove many geometry rules.
Thales of Miletus (pronounced THAY-leez; Ancient Greek: Θαλῆς; around 626 to 545 BC) was an early Greek philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, which is in modern-day Turkey. He was one of the Seven Sages, important leaders in ancient Greece. Starting in the 18th century, many historians began to see Thales as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition.
Imhotep (pronounced /ɪmˈhoʊtɛp/; Ancient Egyptian: ỉỉ-m-ḥtp, meaning “the one who comes in peace”; lived around the late 27th century BC) was a high official to Pharaoh Djoser, possibly the builder of Djoser’s step pyramid, and a priest of the sun god Ra in Heliopolis. Little is known about Imhotep as a person, but over 3,000 years after his death, he was honored and worshipped as a god. Later traditions described him as a writer of wise texts and a healer.
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