Howard Robert Horvitz ForMemRS NAS AAA&S APS NAM (born May 8, 1947) is an American biologist. His research on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans earned him the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston.
Sir John Edward Sulston CH FRS MAE was born on March 27, 1942, and passed away on March 6, 2018. He was a British biologist and teacher who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002. He shared this award with Sydney Brenner and Robert Horvitz for their research on how cells develop and the complete set of genes in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans.
Sydney Brenner (13 January 1927 – 5 April 2019) was a South African biologist. In 2002, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with H. Robert Horvitz and Sir John E.
Sir Paul Maxime Nurse was born on January 25, 1949. He is an English scientist who studies genes. He currently serves as President of the Royal Society and previously worked as the leader of the Francis Crick Institute.
Sir Richard Timothy Hunt was born on February 19, 1943. He is a British scientist who studies how living things work at a molecular level. In 2001, he was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Paul Nurse and Leland H.
Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 – 10 January 2017) was a British-American scientist who studied genes and how living things work at a very small level. In 1955, he introduced starch as a material used in a method called gel electrophoresis, which helps separate molecules. He also worked with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans to develop a technique called homologous recombination, which allows new DNA to be inserted into an organism’s existing DNA.
Sir Martin John Evans FRS FMedSci FLSW (born January 1, 1941) is an English biologist. In 1981, he and Matthew Kaufman were the first to grow mouse embryonic stem cells in a laboratory. He also worked with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies to develop the knockout mouse and gene targeting, a method that uses embryonic stem cells to change specific genes in mice.
Mario Ramberg Capecchi (born October 6, 1937) is an Italian-American molecular geneticist who shared the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies. He was honored for developing a method to create mice without a specific gene, known as knockout mice. Currently, he is a Distinguished Professor in Human Genetics and Biology at the University of Utah School of Medicine.
Craig Cameron Mello was born on October 18, 1960. He is an American biologist and professor at the RNA Therapeutics Institute and Program for Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 2006, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Andrew Z.
Andrew Zachary Fire was born on April 27, 1959. He is an American scientist who teaches and studies diseases and genes at the Stanford University School of Medicine. In 2006, he received the Nobel Prize for Medicine with Craig C.